Which phenomenon is characterized by tension building up and eventually "snapping back into position" as described in a theoretical model of earthquakes?

The phenomenon characterized by tension building up and then "snapping back into position" is known as Elastic Rebound. This concept is fundamental to understanding how earthquakes occur. Tension accumulates in rocks along fault lines due to tectonic forces, leading to deformation. When the stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, they break and slip, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves. This sudden return to the original position of the rocks is what we define as elastic rebound.

This model explains not only the occurrence of earthquakes but also the cycle of stress accumulation and release in the Earth’s crust. The terminology "elastic" refers to the ability of rock to deform under pressure and then return to its original shape when the stress is released, similar to a stretched rubber band. Understanding elastic rebound is critical for geologists to evaluate seismic hazards and model potential earthquake scenarios.