What term refers to the gradual downward movement of a structure due to compression of the soil below the foundation?

The term that describes the gradual downward movement of a structure due to compression of the soil below the foundation is known as settlement. Settlement occurs when the weight of the structure causes the underlying soil to compress over time. This can happen as a result of several factors such as the type of soil, moisture content, and loading conditions.

When a building is constructed, the load from the structure applies stress to the soil beneath it. If the soil is not adequately compacted or if it has a high proportion of compressible materials, the soil will compress over time, leading to a settling effect. This can manifest as minor movements not typically seen but can lead to structural issues if the settlement is uneven or significant.

While other terms may seem similar, they have distinct meanings. Subsidence refers to the sinking or lowering of the ground surface due to natural processes, such as underground mining or natural compaction of soil. Consolidation involves the process of pore water expulsion from the soil structure leading to volume decrease under load, which contributes to settlement but is a specific mechanism. Tilt describes the uneven or angular settlement of a structure but does not refer to the more general downward movement of the entire structure associated with settlement.

Understanding the concept of settlement is crucial for